The effects of animal-assisted therapy on adolescent and young adults with intellectual disabilities: a qualitative study based on caregivers' perspectives

Abstract

Background: Adolescents and young adults (AYAs) with intellectual disabilities often face significant challenges in emotional regulation, social participation, and daily functioning. Animal-assisted therapy (AAT) has emerged as a complementary intervention that may enhance psychosocial outcomes and promote social integration in this population. This study aimed to explore the effects of animal-assisted therapy on the social integration processes of adolescents and young adults with intellectual disabilities from caregivers' perspectives. Methods: The study was conducted using a descriptive phenomenological design. Data were collected through three focus group interviews with 13 caregivers at a support centre in Turkey. Researchers used a semi-structured interview guide to facilitate the discussions and create an interactive environment with participants. Data were analysed using MAXQDA software, following the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research checklist. Results: The analysis revealed three main themes and seven sub-themes. The first main theme, ‘Psychological and Social Effects of Animal-Assisted Therapy’, includes anxiety and stress management improvements, enhanced emotional awareness and self-esteem, and increased confidence and self-expression skills. The second main theme, ‘Development of Social Skills,’ highlights enhanced social interactions, group dynamics, and increased empathy and responsibility awareness. Participants noted that AAT reduced social isolation and improved group communication skills. The third main theme, ‘Changes in Daily Routines and Skills’, underscores noticeable advancements in attention, focus, and motor skills and improvements in daily living skills. Conclusion: The findings suggest that incorporating AAT into care programmes can enhance emotional, social, and physical outcomes for AYAs with intellectual disabilities, offering caregivers a valuable tool to support their holistic development and social integration. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.